The book is devoted to the development of one of the most relevant areas of the theory of management of organizational systems - mathematical models of the formation of hierarchical organizational structures. An overview of the current state of the theory is given, models for constructing optimal hierarchies are proposed and investigated, generalizing the approaches of a number of Russian and foreign scientists, examples of solving some applied problems are given. The proposed general model of optimization of hierarchical structures can be used to solve a wide class of problems - from the formation of the organizational structure to the design of assembly production. The book is intended for specialists in organizational management theory, operations research, institutional and microeconomics, teachers, graduate students and students of relevant specialties.