The textbook gives in detail the characteristic of the modern natural science picture of the world, the laws of the development of natural science and science in general, the scientific method of research is considered. Much attention is paid to the consideration of the scientific method of cognition, with an emphasis on explaining the fundamental features of the modern natural science picture of the world. In addition, there is a section on explaining the specificity and unity of natural science and humanitarian cultures as two interrelated components of a single culture. The textbook can be useful for students of all forms of training in the field of /specialty 034300 - Physical culture for self-preparation for practical classes and passing the exam, as well as for teachers in preparation for organizing and conducting classes .