The monograph examines the Soviet-Afghan relations of the most complex and dramatic period in the modern history of the two states. The author analyzes the impact of the Soviet factor on the development of socio-economic processes and the military-political situation in Afghanistan, its importance in the emergence and expansion of the crisis in which this country is practically the last four decades. Through the prism of secret ties of the CPSU-PDPA, the activities of Soviet intelligence, the role of the USSR in April (1978) is shown. ) military coup, coming to power in Afghanistan left-wing forces. The study is based on the materials of the Afghan and Soviet special services, documents of the Soviet and Russian archives, memoirs, interviews. Author - participant of the Afghan events in 1985-88. , Major General, Candidate of Law, Professor of the Academy of the FSB of Russia .