Almetyevsk: Academy of Sciences of Social Technologies and Local Self-Government, Zakam branch, 2002. 2nd Edition . — 54 s. Handbook for students of universities, colleges and secondary schools . In educational institutions of Russia, the State educational standard has been put into effect, providing, in particular, for a radical renewal of the entire block of social and humanitarian disciplines that students and students should master. In this regard, the modern assessment (and often reassessment) by them and, of course, teachers of the “traditionally” understood historical events, sociological and political concepts of the development of our society acquires significant importance. For this purpose, the present manual has been prepared.