The book examines the latest achievements in the field of astroclimate research, obtained in different countries, which provide quantitative realistic estimates of the perturbing effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The optical schemes of modern high-quality wide-angle reflectors are mentioned about the features of the study and adjustment of these systems. Modern image receivers, both photographic and electronic, are devoted to one of the sections of the book. The book provides a forecast of the efficiency of modern optical instruments, which will be achieved within the next 10 - 20 years in ground-based optical astronomy. Designed for specialists interested in the range of issues related to astronomical observations. Can be used by undergraduate and graduate students by astronomers. Foreword by .