This textbook provides essential information on the core areas of fundamental and clinical neurology and neurosurgery. It offers up-to-date insights into neuroanatomy, neurodevelopment, and the morphological and functional foundations of the nervous system, along with the semeiotics of neurological disorders and methods for patient examination. The material covers the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of the most significant and common diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including fundamental principles for their topographical and nosological diagnosis. Modern approaches to the prevention and treatment—both conservative and surgical—of major neurological conditions are also discussed, along with topics on rehabilitation and medico-social assessment. This textbook is intended for medical students, interns, and residents studying neurology and neurosurgery.