This monograph explores one of the modern techniques used in diagnosing diseases and injuries of the central nervous system—computed tomography (CT). It provides a detailed overview of various neuro-oncological conditions and traumatic brain injuries, emphasizing precise localization of pathological lesions and their relationship to surrounding brain structures. The book discusses differential diagnosis strategies, the potential for establishing preliminary histological assumptions, and common pitfalls encountered in these processes. It also highlights how CT can be used to monitor disease progression, assess postoperative recovery, evaluate treatment effectiveness, and detect complications. Richly illustrated with a wide selection of typical and rare CT scans, the book showcases images of patients with diverse neurosurgical conditions. Designed for neurosurgeons and radiologists, this monograph serves as a valuable resource for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in neuroimaging.