The great astronomical discoveries of Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei marked the beginning of a new scientific era, stimulating the development of exact sciences. Astronomy had the great honor to lay the foundations of natural science: in particular, the creation of a model of a planetary system led to the appearance of mathematical analysis. From this booklet, the reader will learn about many of the fantastic achievements of astronomy made in recent decades. The text of the brochure is the processing of the recording of the lecture given by the author for schoolchildren of grades 9-11 on November 11, 2000 at the Small Mekhmat of Moscow State University.