Machine Learning is as much about programming as it is about probability and statistics. There are many statistical approaches that we will use in Machine Learning to help us arrive at optimal solutions from time to time. It is therefore important that you remind yourself about some of the necessary probability theories and how they affect outcomes in each scenario.In our studies of Machine Learning from the beginner books through an intermediary level to this point, one concept that stands out is that Machine Learning involves uncertainty. This is one of the differences between Machine Learning and programming. In programming, you write code that must be executed as it is written. The code derives a predetermined output based on the instructions given. However, in Machine Learning, this is not a luxury we enjoy.