The monograph continues the series of publications of the HSE Center for Labor Studies on the Russian labor market, and offers a comprehensive analysis of the processes of accumulation and use of human capital in Russia in the 1990-2000s. The book traces how the educational, professional and qualification characteristics of the Russian labor force have changed during the transition period. In the light of inter-country comparisons, the quantity and quality of human capital that the domestic economy now has are estimated. Central to the work is the analysis of the level and dynamics of return on investment in education, as well as its differentiation for different categories of the labor force. The problem of underutilization of existing knowledge and skills of Russian workers is discussed in detail . A special chapter is devoted to human capital produced directly in the workplace during the production training of workers. In all chapters of the book, the analysis is carried out using modern econometric methods and using large arrays of microdata. The study provides a holistic view of the evolution, current state and possible trajectories of further development of Russian human capital. For economists and sociologists in the field of labor relations, social and educational policy . The monograph can be used as a teaching aid in the teaching of such disciplines as economics and sociology of labor, economics and sociology of education, human resources management .