Generalization of published information on cryological conditions and manifestations of cryogenic processes on the planets of the Solar system and their satellites. The main focus is on comparative analysis of data on the manifestations of cryogenic processes on Earth and Mars, which has now become the central object of many international research programs. Information is given about the scientific goals of various missions to Mars and the main results obtained. The achievements and world experience in the field of modern measuring equipment, its technical characteristics. are considered. The monograph uses and develops original developments of the authors on the issues of physical and mathematical modeling of cryogenic processes to mathematical modeling of temperature and mass fields in the upper horizons of Mars. as well as fields of stresses and deformations to methods of experimental study of thermophysical and mechanical properties of terrestrial samples - analogues of detection of temporal and spatial variability of components of radiation-thermal balance of the surface of Mars , surface temperatures and their amplitudes of interpretation of the information observed from orbital stations on the nature and dynamics of the manifestations of cryogenic processes in the upper horizons of Mars. Based on hypotheses about the presence of frozen rocks and highly mineralized brines, the results of recent observations, the magnitude of the power of frozen rocks and the cryosphere of Mars is adjusted in the direction of a significant decrease compared to earlier calculations. The book is designed for researchers in the field of comparative planetary science, a wide range of geocryologists, as well as specialists engaged in the development of methods for geological surveying and monitoring of the territory using remote measurements from orbit. The monograph can be recommended as a teaching aid for students of relevant specialties of universities.