The second edition of the "Guidelines" is the result of two years of dedicated effort to review and update the protocols and clinical procedures presented in the original edition. In 1997, the American International Society for Healthcare (AISH) published its Infection Control Fundamentals Manual, a comprehensive document outlining internationally recognized principles and best practices for preventing hospital-acquired infections. It also provided key recommendations for hospital epidemiologists and healthcare administrators responsible for infection control programs. This manual has been widely adopted by health ministries, medical training institutions, and partner programs of AISH and the Infection Control Training Centers (ICTCs) across Central and Eastern Europe and Asia.