The name A.N. Nesmeyanov is associated with vibrant chapters in the history of Russian science, particularly during the rapid development of the Academy of Sciences in the years following the difficult wartime period. As the president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Nesmeyanov placed a strong emphasis on advancing fundamental science, highlighting the importance of new scientific directions emerging at the intersection of various disciplines. Under his leadership, a significant number of new institutes were established, including the formation of the Siberian Branch of the Academy, as well as the creation of research centers in Pushchino, Chernogolovka, and other locations. The materials in this collection underscore the president's deep commitment to integrating scientific research outcomes into the nation's economy, aiming to elevate its economic and cultural standards. The three sections of the collection, which include documents from the Russian Academy of Sciences Archive and periodicals, address the most pressing organizational and scientific challenges related to the strategic planning of fundamental science within the Academy. They also discuss the organization of scientific work across numerous research institutes, branches, and the Academy of Sciences of the union republics. Many of Nesmeyanov's ideas and proposals resonate with contemporary relevance, especially as our science grapples with complex challenges and seeks pathways for development in new conditions. This book is intended for a broad audience interested in the history of Russian science.