The book for the first time considered and analyzed the key features of the relationship of molecular-structural heterogeneity of cellulose nitrates with the molecular structure of the original cellulose and the nature of nitric acid-based nitrous mixtures. The original concept of molecular-structural heterogeneity of cellulose nitrates, methods of its assessment based on the use of NMR spectroscopy on carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 nuclei are considered , as well as IR spectroscopy, various options for obtaining molecularly homogeneous cellulose nitrates and aliphatic alcohols in thermodestruction processes are discussed. For the first time, the possibility of a non-radical mechanism of the primary act of thermal decomposition of nitrates of alcohols and cellulose . is considered. For chemists - scientists, students, postgraduates and doctoral students, as well as representatives of related branches of science and technology - physicists, biologists, ecologists, engineering and technical workers associated with the production and processing of cellulose nitrates .