The book presents a generalization of studies of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with optical soft particles of various shapes and structures in order to improve the scheme of solving the inverse optical problem by methods of integral and indicator of single light scattering on the basis of the obtained analytical connections .. Approximate methods of solving a direct optical problem have been developed and investigated on their basis the regularities of multiple scattering of laser radiation by aqueous biological dispersed media, in particular, by a dense suspension of erythrocytes as a model of such media, to determine the parameters of the latter. The results of the study of the functional structure of natural aquatic ecosystems, obtained on the basis of the developed schemes of optical information decryption. The processes of adsorption of dissolved organic substances on particles of mineral suspension and formation of organo-mineral detritus (OMD) are considered, the dependences of the structural parameters of OMD on the factors forming them are deduced, the zone of influence of the boundary surface of particles on the aquatic environment is estimated. Internal connections and mechanisms of interaction of OMD with bacterio- and phytoplankton . Proposed scheme for the inclusion of RBM in the overall complex of the trophic microbial loop.