This book explores novel use of X-ray diffraction technology that opens an entirely new field of looking at objects, human organs, baggage suitcases, or contraband substances. The ability to perform spatially-resolved material discrimination significantly enhances the performance of medical and industrial radiography, as well as contraband and explosives detection systems. To this end, a number of approaches havebeen developed, including fluorescence, hyperspectral transmission, phase contrast, and coherent scatter imaging, that are explained throughout the book. Featuring chapters written by an international selection of authors from both academia and industry, the book covers both imaging and detection in practical applications for medical, industrial, and security fields.Abstract: This book explores novel use of X-ray diffraction technology that opens an entirely new field of looking at objects, human organs, baggage suitcases, or contraband substances. The ability to perform spatially-resolved material discrimination significantly enhances the performance of medical and industrial radiography, as well as contraband and explosives detection systems. To this end, a number of approaches have been developed, including fluorescence, hyperspectral transmission, phase contrast, and coherent scatter imaging, that are explained throughout the book. Featuring chapters written by an international selection of authors from both academia and industry, the book covers both imaging and detection in practical applications for medical, industrial, and security fields