The monograph is devoted to the universality and variability of natural language and the correlation of these polar properties in the general linguistic theory. Universal properties of a language (constants) are understood not as immutable values of some language parameters, but as limitations on its variability. The variation of many language parameters is infinite, since the parameters are determined not discretely, but contiguously. Such parameters can be represented as scales. The scale that limits this phenomenon to its values is a constant, and the values of the scale are variables. Such a theoretical understanding of the language develops and is based on the material of in-depth empirical research of several dozen languages, including Russian. The monograph consists of six parts devoted to the following topics: “linguistic knowledge”, “modern linguistics in historical perspective”, “elementary sentence theory”, “typology and language theory”, “language theory and languages” and “materials to the typology of ergativeness” .. The monograph is of interest to those, [CM what is interested in the methodology of linguistic science , » [ ] Functional and cognitive approach to language , Typology , Syntax, Morphology , Semantics and Pragmatics , as well as the Dagestani languages , because their material is presented in the monograph in particular detail.