A Semester Course in the History of Early Antiquity (Before the Execution of Socrates) Science . Describes the emergence of the rudiments of natural and humanitarian disciplines, in their connection with the history of Mediterranean culture An attempt is made to find out how pre-scientific knowledge (which has come down to us in cults, myths and poetry) turned into scientific knowledge and what science itself was then. Archaeological finds (including texts), scientific progress in the last 100 years[edit] as well as a new reading of classical works of Antiquity by historians of the 20th century, It literally revolutionized many of our ideas about early ancient history. However, this revolution has hardly affected the usual expositions of the history of science. Many ideas about early Antique science and philosophy, which considered the first figure of Thales and the main figure - Aristotle, now look naive. Science was much older: traces of it are visible at least since the time of Homer On the contrary, the influence on the early Greek science of the more ancient science of the East, which had previously been considered decisive, turned out to be rather modest. It has become doubtful the connection (previously obvious to many) of the birth of Greek science with the formation of polis democracy. It is shown that the role of classical (before the execution of Socrates) Athenian democracy was rather negative at the same time and that Greek science, which admires us to this day, developed at this time, mainly outside Athens. They proved to be an intellectual center later, after their loss of political primacy. The birth of Greek philosophy and science is associated in the Course with the “Orphic Reformation” a moral and mental upheaval that is marked by the emergence of Orphism (an ideological and religious trend that began in the years of Homer). Had to touch the culture of different parts of Greece (Ionia, Sicily, Sparta, Boeotia, Athens, Thrace, etc.) ). It turned out that the generally accepted today enthusiastic understanding of Homer's poems is based on their interpretation in Athens during the time of Pericles. There are other interpretations of Homer, up to his complete rejection, which is important for understanding the formation of culture and, in particular, science. Wider than usual, the "Fragments of the Pre-Socratics" are used, moreover, in various translations. The book is intended for everyone who is interested in the history of antiquity, as well as the history of science and culture. It can be used by teachers, graduate students and students as a guide in the study of early ancient philosophy.