This book summarizes and compares the key ideas from the Chinese and Peruvian cases across various important topics to study the middle-income trap, such as the main driving forces of a potential trap in each case; the common challenges and the main differences in the economic transitions; the different issues faced as a result of the opening-up of China and Peru; the differences and coincidences between their respective regional development processes and the key role of human capital in avoiding the middle-income trap at regional level; the importance of infrastructure investments; the role of innovation for China’ s future growth versus the limitations that informality places on the capacity of formal firms to innovate in Peru, among other issues. On the whole, this academic effort by Chinese and Peruvian scholars will contribute to mutual understanding and to enlarging cooperation from both sides.