1. What Is the Real Middle-Income Trap? (YAO Zhizhong); 2. The Middle-Income Trap in Selected Literature: An Overview (Rosario SANTA GADEA; Leolino DOURADO; and Gabriel ARRIETA); 3. Economic Transition in China and Middle-Income Trap (SONG Jin); 4. Transition and the Middle-Income Trap in Peru: A Long Term Perspective Since the Late 19th Century (María Amparo CRUZ SACO; Mirian GIL; and Favio LEIVA); 5. China and the World: The Background and Economic Logic of China’s Opening-UP (ZHANG Yuyan; and FENG Weijiang); 6. Peru’s Opening-Up: Strategies, Impacts and Pending Tasks (Carlos PARODI); 7. Escaping the Middle-Income Trap in China: A Regional Perspective (LU Ming); 8. Regional Development in Peru: Trends and Challenges (Gustavo YAMADA; and Julio AGUIRRE); 9. Infrastructure Investment Challenges in Emerging Economies and Solutions of China (HUANG Meibo; and WU Lingfang); 10. The Gap in Infrastructure Investment in Peru and Challenges Ahead (Roberto URRUNAGA; and José Luis BONIFAZ); 11. China’s Economic Policy Framework to Deal with the Middle-Income Trap (XU Qiyuan); 12. Informality in Peru and Its Effects on Innovation at Firm Level (Alejandro FLORES; and Jorge HEREDIA); 13. Financial Crisis and the Middle-Income Trap: Implications for China (YAO Zhizhong); 14. Concluding Chapter-Overleaping the Middle-Income Trap: A Chinese Perspective (ZHANG Yuyuan); 15. Concluding Chapter-Peruvian Perspective: The Middle-Income Trap or the Challenges of Development. A Comparative Approach of China and Peru (Rosario SANTA GADEA)