The textbook deals with current problems studied by modern natural sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, geology, ecology. The manual corresponds to the program of the course "Modern problems of natural sciences", studied by graduate students, masters, bachelors of various specialties of Russian universities, and will also help students to effectively master the course "Concepts of modern natural science" . The book is intended for students of the areas of study included in the UGS: Mathematics and Mechanics , Computer and Information Science , Physics and Astronomy , "Chemistry" , "Biological Sciences" , "Economics and Management" , "Philosophy , Ethics and Religious Studies , Teachers and teachers , Further training, Students and Graduates , interested in philosophical and theoretical-cognitive issues of modern natural science and philosophy .