M. : Metallurgy, 1988. — 160 s. Dynamic processes during crystallization due to filtration and melt discontinuity due to shrinkage are considered. More general models of metal hardening, including a description of defect elements in ingots. Based on the introduced criteria for the optimality of temperature fields, thermal modes of solidification of solid and hollow cylindrical ingots of rectangular and square cross-sections, profile ingots and ingots at horizontal casting . are investigated. Specific recommendations for optimizing the modes of secondary cooling of ingots and the development of technologies for continuous casting of some alloy steels. For scientific and engineering workers engaged in the development of technologies for the formation of continuous workpieces .