The book develops the idea of adapting the language system to the biosocial features of a person and implementing the communicative process as the main factor of the functional, systemic and sign (semiotic) specifics of the language. As an illustrative language system served mainly Russian language in its common properties with other languages. In accordance with the tasks, the book explains the specifics of the four semiotic dimensions of language - language signs, their semantics, syntactics and pragmatics, to which the structure of the book is subordinated. In the aspect of "Language and Man", the problem of "Language and Culture" is particularly considered. For students, undergraduates, doctoral students and teachers of philological faculties of universities as a textbook for courses "