This textbook outlines the physical underpinnings of nanotechnology. The book consists of three relatively independent parts .. The first part is devoted to the consideration of physical phenomena and the laws and provisions describing them relating to the plasma state of the substance. Also studied is another section of fundamental importance for the creation of nanotechnology, the field of physics associated with the condensed state of matter in nanoscale regions of space. We are talking about nanostructures as such, as well as included in macrosamples, primarily at the surface of solids. Fundamental ideas relating to the physics of micro- and nanoworlds of material bodies in solid and liquid states are reflected in the second part of the textbook. The third part presents new theoretical and experimental methods for the study of multielectronic systems. In the writing of the textbook, the material of review articles published in the journal “Successes of the Physical Sciences” was widely used. The book is intended for senior students studying in areas that train engineering and technical workers of industrial production, as well as researchers for research organizations .. It can also be used for other specialties of natural science and technical direction of education in universities, where courses related to the physical phenomena of the material world of nano- and microscales are taught. will also be useful to teachers of relevant disciplines and anyone who is fond of physics and interested in its current state.