The book discusses modern ideas about the ways of evolutionary transformation of populations. The bioloric specificity of the species and its relationship with speciation. have been analyzed in detail. The insufficiency of morphophysiological, biochemical, and renetic criteria for the assessment of species independence and specificity is substantiated .. Summary of genetic prerequisites for population transformation. The idea of bo develops; :a smaller role of indirectro selection and the collegial mechanisms of population transformation are analyzed. The relationship between micro- and macroevolutionaryro process is considered on the example of the formation of childbirth. It is shown that the genus as a taxonomic category represents objective reality, and the idea of the genus as a subjective unit is rejected. The book is designed for a wide range of biologists, zoolors, botanists, geneticists, ecologists.