The monograph deals with the problem of interaction of neurons and their glial-trophic environment, some systemic interactions that support brain homeostasis, and the role of its changes in pathology. Analysis of the results of long-term observations, data of domestic and foreign researchers, as well as their own experiments allowed the authors to put forward a concept that explains some aspects of the functions of the central nervous system. Suggested point of view on significant differences between the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system of mammals. It is pointed out that the explanation of many aspects of brain activity is impossible only through a description of the functions of neurons and even their ensembles, and requires taking into account the neuronal environment. The book is intended for specialists in neurobiology, neurophysiologists and neuromorphologists, university students, can be useful to practical doctors, teachers and a wide range of people interested in brain biology.