The cruiser type "Sverdlov" (project 68-bis) occupies an important place not only in the history of the Russian fleet, but also in the history of world shipbuilding. These are the world's last classic cruisers, ending the era of artillery ships with armor protection. From the point of view of technology, they absorbed all the accumulated experience of warfare at sea and reached the top of perfection, but, alas, appeared too late to be considered the best cruisers in the world... Nevertheless, the ships of the 68-bis project received a long and bright service. They plowed the waters of all four oceans, participated in maneuvers and so-called combat services, more than once performed representative functions. At the height of the Cold War, they were a kind of "calling card" of the fleet - it is no coincidence that the Soviet award sign "For a long campaign" depicted the silhouette of a cruiser of the type "Sverdlov" .... CONTENTSKREISER TYPE "SVERDLOV" . History of Design. Construction and testing DESCRIPTION CONSTRUCTIONcorpus and general location. Reservation. Main calibre artillery. Universal Artillery . Small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery. Mine and Torpedo Weapons . Radio-electronic weapons. Power plant. Crew and living conditions . Coloring and external differencesMODERNIZATIONTechproject 67. Techproject 70. Techproject 71. Technical Projects 68. U1 and 68. U2Project 68Implemented projectsHistory of the project serviceAppendix 1. Literature and Sources . Arsenal Collection Series . Ships"20052006- battleships "Sharnhorst" and "Gneisenau"2007. Battleships of the Second World War . Navy Strike Force 2008. Cold War cruisers (Project 68bis), Fhrer's battleships . Main Caliber Kriegsmarine . Super battleships of Stalin . "Soviet Union", "Kronstadt", "Stalingrad"Prinz Kriegsmarine . Heavy cruisers of the Third Reich . Cruiser "Varyag" . Legend of the Russian Navy2009Black Lightning Kriegsmarine . German destroyers of the Second World War . Goddesses of the Russian Navy . Aurora, Diana, Pallas