This manual describes the physical interpretation of the concept of temperature, describes the principles of constructing temperature scales. Special sections are devoted to the presentation of the physical foundations of methods for obtaining temperatures in a wide range - from 'helium' to 'plasma' , and also a description of the principles of operation of some thermometric devices , including - modern methods of thermometry in the oil and gas industry. The manual is not an independent textbook on thermometry, but is compiled as an addition to the courses of lectures given at the Russian State University of Oil and Gas. and . M. Gubkin